Article #373
Subject: NewChapterforBook
Author: DRAndrewWilliamHarrell
Posted: 6/18/2019 02:42:28 PM

The book "A History of Explorations in the Southern US 1680 to 1804" is now published and available on
Amazon, here is another chapter that will be added to it in a month or two to make a 35d edition


How the English Civil Religious Wars in 17yh Century Britain, and the religious persecution of
Protestants and Catholics in England and Protestants in France, then, affected British and American
Explorers and Settlements in the Southern US


If you believe, as many of the European Explorers in the Southern US did, and still do in so much as
their souls are still living parts of us, that God exists, Heaven and Hell exists, that God created all of us
humans and the purpose of our human history is the development of the Glory of God inside of us, even
perhaps all of us, as well as bringing Heaven to Earth, maybe even to all of us living throughout this
wondelful Universe and this Solar System, this Galaxy which we currently inhabit,… then considering
this it becomes important to study history in order not to avoid previous mistakes, to learn how to do a
better job in how we go about things that justify our own explorations in new parts of the Earth,, the
Solar System, the Galaxy, even beyond

When that part of human history that we study that is connected to God,and His hopes and dreams for
us, then how better to understand and know Him, to represent Him to others, when there are significant
wars involving our relgions, and considering if we are Christians and Jews and they involve Christian
Jewish forms of religions and that these forms of religion teach that an understanding peaceful and
satisfied mind is very helpful to us in these endeavors, how can we learn from understanding the causes
of any of these religious wars, especially those that involved our own ancestors.. then this type of study
becomes very important to us.

During the early and first half of 17th century in England many Marxist historian claim that the cause of
the turmoil and warfare was due to economic class fighting
,other historians say that it was basically caused by various unlawful political maneuvers in order to gain
control of the government, others by too many bad harvests, and the horrible devastation of diseases
like the plague. But, most current historians agree that the religious disagreements themselves were a
main part of the cause. And,this therefore justifies, looking back on it, I think, the decisions of the
ancestors of many of us here in America and the Southern US, to leave Britian and seek more religious
freedom here.

“The “Whig” version of history dominated the 19th and early 20th Century, with roots in the 17th
Century. It stressed divisions over religion and politices, with Parliament defending the rule of law,
property rights and individual libery against an autocratic monarch. The Marxist version takes a less
straightforward favoriable view of th ideological views of the Parliamentarians and sees political
divisions developing on the foundation of long tierm social and economic change. Newer reviosinist
theories of this period of English history have focused on the long-term structural problems in the
English state itself, especially stressing the financial weaknesses of the Crown. On the contrary, it is the
monarchy which is seen as the aggressive promoter of change. None the less significant current work
does not accept that revisionists have found an acceptable new analysis of the roots of civil war”

For sure the start of a lot of the problems goes back to VIII, a Catholic, when he claimed, and
established of himself as lawful head of religion in England, but never proved or placed on a firm
theological status by Biblical teachings. My several Irish Catholic Priests friends here in Mississippi
have said to me that they believe the blame for all the killing in the religious wars in England and the
British Isles during the 17th century goes back to King Henry VIII. But, being a Protestant myself as well
as a Catholic I cannot agree that helping fundamentally to start the present day Protestant Church in
England makes what he did a bad result completely. But his means of accomplishing this were clearly
wrong and deserve to be remembered not to be repeated. There was the Act of Supremacy and Act of
Uniformity of 1559, The Treason Act of 1560 some parts of which are still in effect today, then later
Elizabeth I, had Parliament issue its acts of Recussancy in 1581, requiring manatory Church attendance
along with stiff penalties for non-compliance. She is today, still, considered by Anglicans the main
founder of their current Anglican Church. But, she started things off by executing Mary Stuart 1587 and
Robert Devereaux 1601 for rebelling against her not recognizing her as supreme authority of the
England Church. In 1581 an act was passed that made a treasonable offense, carrying the death
penalty for anyone to withdraw their allegiance to her, the fine for not going to Church or recussancy
was 20 pounds a large amount in that time.

I argue , by looking back on all of it as it worked out, in this book, that the King or Queen of England
was never above Divine Biblical law in the past 3 centuries. Or, I argue was the sovereign above it to the
degree of being able to force one unique type of Christianity on anyone or set up a position as head of
their own Christian State Church as a means to justify political power and control. However, as the
history of our own Christian beliefs as both Protestant and Catholic at the same time in the United
States and present day England shows people do have the right to set up their own way of worshiping
God and Christ to claim it as being the one way, the unique way to understand and worship God and
Christ and let God and a democratically government elected by the people decide whether they are
right. There is a fine distinction here in that the justification for the latter approach depends on
assuming that the foundation for Divine Truth resides in one particular family or part of us humans, but
for the other that it resides in each of us and all of us. For the Declaration of Independence of US says,
“We…, and that means not someone else, but the persons trying to be who and what we really are, hold
these truths to be self-evident.”

James I became King in 1603 and started the Stuart dynasty,
“The religious situation of the three kingdoms in 1603 was nothing if not complicated. The majority of
the people were conforming members of the Church of England. Puritans within the church demanded
more reform and an aggressive Protestant foreign policy. Catholics outside of the Church of England
struggled for survival and toleration. Their member had fallen to 40,000 through persecution and
attrition. Nevertheless, with memories of the reign of Bloody Mary and the Armada very much in alive,
most English people still feared and hated international “papacy.”
In Scotland the majority was Presbyterian, with a minority of Catholics in the Highlands.
King James sought religious peace with them more than religious unity.
At this time the Jacobite movement was powerless without the help of France.

What eventually happened in order to gain more political and economic power was partly a replay of
what King Henry VI tried by arranging for the Spanish Princess Catherine of Aragon to come to England
and marry his Son Arthur, into English royalty, bringing a much need dowry, She instead ended up
married to his brother Henry VIII and then getting her head chopped off when she tried to lie about
whether the reason for her not producing an heir to Henry not an illegitimate marriage to Henry but an
unconsummated marriage with Arthur. Fifty years later, James I again tried to get his Son, who was
agailn called Prince Henry to marry the infant of Spain and His daughter Elizabeth to marry the
Protestant Elector in Palatine

Then Thirty Years Religious war in Europe started between Spain as part of the Holy Roman Empire with
the Hapsburgs and their Catholic allies against the French Catholics and their Protestant allies
Denmark, Sweden, and some northern German states.Their can be no argument that it devasted most of
central Europe, wrecked the economy of Spain and killed milions. Allthough James I was wise enough
to stay out it. But Protestants in parliament wanted to get involved giving as the reason to advance
Protestantism

It was at this point (1614-1628) that Lord Buckingham became very powerful. He went to Spain with
James surviving son Charles to try and arrange another marriage there.
In 1625 James I died and was succeeded by his son Charles I (1625-1649) and he and Buckingham
switched over to the war party. But, by 1626 the English Parliament was calling for Buckingham’s
impeachment. And, he was assassinated in 1628.

The English Revolution started in the beginning of the 1640s. By this time, on one side “there was a
widespread belief in a popishly inspiried plot to undermine the Government.” On the other hand,
people were being sharply divided into elect Saints, on one hand, and the reprobate and damned on
the other. Human effort was irrelevant to salvation and only the impious papists had the presumption to
believe that human beings had free will or could influence God through their good works” But, .
theology did become an element in religious conflict. It was an asymmetrical one, Predestination was
central to Calvinism. Whereas for Arminians justification was less important. Arminians stressed ritual,
ceremony, and the sacraments rather than the preaching of the word, and held a very elevated notion of
the importance of clergy.” In the late sixteenth and early seventeenth century Calviinism was the
dominant theological position in the English ecclesiastical establishment. and this change in
fundamental ways of thinking about religioun was very momentous for politics. By this time a broad
consensus had developed that Protestant England had to improve its destiny on its own. Unfortunatley
this new formed consensus was wrecked by Charles’ commitment to anti-Calvinist prolices.

When the moderate members of Parliament were purged to form a Rump Parliament which governed the
country until 1653. There had been a background of social insubornation up to this time, there was a
breakdown of church courts and censorship; judges no longer went on circuit. A New Model Army was
created composed not just of the dredges of society and lower classes but of men of some
accomplishment and social standing. This may have saved the social order for a time. It was anti-
clerical and had its own creeds. Most of the new religious sects that arose insisted that ministers should
be elected by the congregations and paid by voluntary contributions of its member. A wide spread
group of “masterless men” arose in the society. Some of these were vagabonds who belonged to no
church. Some were Protestant sectarians.

“There was a rising importanc of the infantry in the Army with a stress on siege warfare with a trend
toward standing armies where significantly more forces and more training was needed.”

The Protestant armies marched backwards and forwards across the country mixing up populations in a
way previously unknown.

But, traditional middle class Presbyterian Puritanism never took deep root in the North or Wales or the
South West. But, there was a shift of population to the North and West using rebuilt peasant houses of
stone. Some of these people were Quakers, who came from northern yeoman and craftsmen
backgrounds. Most of these people believed in the priority of the spirit over the letter of the Bible and
denied the significance of ordination, and also the possibility of living without sin and attaining heaven
in this life.

However, there was a great interest in Biblical Prophecy. Their scholars exposed many Catholic
superstitions and tried through scientific study of the Bible to put the science of prophecy on a rational
basis. Bibles were not expensive and there was a Geneva Bible pocket edition published that men could
study in the privacy of their homes. It, the Bible was the accepted source of all wisdom. Charles I said,
“Religion is the source of all power.” Gerald Winstanley, one of the leaders of the religious groups of
Levellers and Diggers tried to speak for “the poor and the dispised ones of the earth.” His embers
occupied public lands that had been privatized by enclosures and dug them over, pulling down hedges
and filling in the ditches. He argues that, “reason pervades the whole Universe and dwells in every
creature, but supremely in man”. ‘If you subject your flesh to this mighty governor, the spirit of
righteousness within yourselves, he will bring you into community with the whole globe.”

“In an unequal agricultural society, with primitive techniques, where men were at the mercy of nature
and starved if the harvest failed; where plagues and warfare made life uncertain, it was easy to see
famines and epidemics as punishments for human wickedness.’ ” The spiritual experience of
conversion, for a protestant in our period, was a break-through to a new life of freedom This individual
self-confidence and strength through unity produced an remarkable energy, a Spirit of new found
Holiness and deeper more grounded in personal belief in God, that is typical of Calvinism and the other
sects of this period. Some sects went beyond Calvinism as to asking whether the damnation of most of
mankind was so clearly laid out in the Bible and whether the New Testament might not offer salvation to
all. Might sin just be an invention of organized religion and the landed elite in order to justify private
property ownership? Might heaven and hell be only ‘mere fictions’.Nobody could stop such questions
from being discussied.
“There was a great interest in the attempt of the radicals to abolish external religious constransts in
favour of an internal self-imposed, morality.”

After the period of the English Civil War there developed a greater interest and respect for learning in
the Universities. Part of this was a greater belief in anew Mechanistic element to philosophy and
science. It consisted in beliefs that new methods of controlling the world of nature and of man.”Stable
laws of nature went with a stable society. Now that God was located within every human heart, it was
inconvenient to have him intervening in the day-to-day running of the Universe.” Francis Bacon, 1561
-1621 who became the influencial Lord Chancellor of England had been already been inspired by a lot of
this, even before this period. But, the radicals of the English Revolution seem to make an even greater
attempt to see the universe as a whole, science and society as one.

Mechanistic philosophic preachers tried to democratize religion even more than it had become by the
end of this period They envisioned a reformed educational system with universal education for boys and
girls up to the age of 18. With less emphasis on learning Latin and Greek and more on the sciences.

As a result of the English Civil War there was a large impact on the English Society.
The fighting was filled with atrocities and caused a lot of deaths and imprisonment. There were 84,738
killed and 117,534 people imprisoned. The British government was reorganized several times and
multiple purges, discriminatory. Harmful decrees, and ordinances were passed by the Short and Long
Parliament.
England was declared a commonwealth. The Restoration Settlement overnturned the constitutional
revolutions of 1642-7 and 1648-9 and Charles I was executed at the end of it. Puritanism changed the
whole structure of the Church of England. The Westminister Assembly of the Presbyterian Church and
other independent groups voted that the future shape of the national Church would be determined by
an assembly of divines or ministers, not a Queen or King. Political thought and Rhetoric was shaped by
“resistance theory” which developed a philosophical and legal basis for opposing authority of a sort
developed in sixteenth-century Scotland and France. The Calvinist resistance theory was a populist
theory that argued that the whole community acting as a collective agent had a right to chose its own
rulers.
IN the 1640s it was widely believed in England that the political government was a “mixed monarchy”
with three estates, the monarchy (the King), the aristocracy (the House of Lords), and democracy (the
House of Commons). The best government was thought to be as argued by the Greeks, a balance of
monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy.

And, perhaps most significantly a new type of “model Army” was developed. Officers were selected not
only out of the aristocracy, but also from the ranks of craftsmen, merchants, and other commoners. A
study of military science was engaged in which developed weapons and logistics. There were sharp
edge blades, artillery, muskets, firelocks, and wagon trains used to support the infantry and artillery. ]

There was apocalyptic and prophetic religious and intellectual writings. Books were full of images of
popular insurrections.The great English writer John Milton decided to write on Biblical and prophetic
and theocratic topics.

The whole of English society during that period was as the titles of one of the books in our references,
“The World Turned Upside Down.” Kings were though of as burdens and plagues of the people whom
they governed. All of this affected not only the cities but also the countryside. The foraging and
quartering of all sorts of troops contributed to the unrest. And, there arrival in regions was often a
signal for the locals to attack the property of the unpopular landlords. Radicals challenged the entire
basis of the legal systems.

During the 17th Century there was a lot of overall European exploration going on in the new World that
paralleled these events in Britians. In 1600 Spain founded the city of Veracruz in Mexico. And four years
later, France had established its first permanent American colony Acadia in Canada. Two years later the
London Company sent three ships over to Virginia with 100 men to found the Jamestown Colony. A year
after that the Dutchman Henry Hudson explored the New York Harbor and named the river there in his
own honor.

In 1619 the first slaves were imported into what later became the U.S.A. Four years later Pope Gregory
XV created the Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith in the Vatican. Two years after that
Franciscan Recollect priests in Quebec invited Jesuits to help them evangelize the Indians Cardinal
Richelieu, one of the driving forces behind political absolutism and French global expansionism in
Europe and the New World became the French King’s chief minister. Spanish and Portuguese, along
with some British sailors colonized Barbados.

In 1629 the French Huegenots lose La Rochelle, their final military stronghold and hence are in need of
new countries to settle in. also, by this time English settlers have worked their way west into the
Appalachian mountians in the Carolinas. One year later the city of Boston was founded in
Massachuetts. Three years after this Lord Baltimore was given a charter for the founding of the State of
Maryland. In 1644 Peter Stuvesant founds New Amsterdam, later to be known as New York City.

In 1662 dthe English fleet led by Christopher Myngs had captured and ocuupied briefy Santiago de
Cuba. Two years later St. Augustine om Florida is plundered and taken again by the British.

By 1672 Fathers Marquette and Joliet had discovered the source of the Mississippi and the French were
explored down it from there.

IN 1681 Tge oreset day states of Pennsylvania and Delaware are chartered under the of the Quaker
William Penn

In 1682 LaSalle embarked on an excursion from Canada and goes as far south as present day Arkansas.
And, in France all religious freedom for the Huguenots in France had been revoked by Louis XIV. Piracy
is beginning to develop and take shape in the Caribean. The British governors of Jamaica and the
Bahamas have to be replaced for encouraging pirates to capture Spanish ships carrying gold. Two years
later in the 1684 LaSalle returns to the New World from Rouen Franch with 280 people and four ships.
Sailing headed towards Mobile from Cuba he ends up in the coast of present day Texas.

1685 Fourteen Spanish Franciscan priests are sent with 50 soliers and 7 lay people to found eight
missions in Texas. Around 1689 a fleet of French buccaneers crosses into Panama to loot Spanish
treasure. Spanish raiders in St. Augustine attack neaby settlements in Charleston South Carolina.

And, at the end of the century in 1697 Count Louis Pontchartrain approves plans to occupy Louisiana
with French people.



At this point it is needed to give some definitions of some religious theological terms, I agree basically
with the paragraphs given in the Great Course, “A History of England from the Tudors to the Stuarts” by
Profesor Robert Buchotz, course guidebook page 243 and following:

Anglicans Conservative or “High Church members of the Church of England favoring Church
government by bishop[s. Theologically, they were generally Armininians or at least favorably disposed
toward elaborate ritual and ceremony.

Armininians: followers or accused followers of the Dutch theologian Jacob Arminius, who believed that
humans could play a role in their own salvation by means of good works and efficacious rituals
(therefore theologically opposed to Calvinists). The emphasized the “beauty of holiness” through
elaborate church décor and ceremonial. During this period they were led by Archbishop Laud, who
became influencial under Charles I in the 1630s.


AnaBaptists, Baptists, Familists Protestants who believe that baptism should be left to adult choice.
This idea ws controversial because it would leave children unbaptized and vitiate any notion of a
national church. Some of these people were also called ‘Familists” a term from the Europe followers of
Henry Nicklas in Amsterdam meaning, of the family of love

Calvinists Protestant followers of John Calvin who believed that God has predestined all human beings
to be saved or damned. Most members of the Church of England prior to 1630, and all Puritans were
Calvinists.

Clarendon Code: Popular name for the series of statutes passed by the Cavalier Parliament to establish
the monopoly of the Church of England and outlaw dissent after the Restoration. Its effect was to make
dissenters second class citizens. The nameitself is unfair however, because Lord Clarnedonl was
opposed to the persecution of dissenters.

Diggers A religious sect coming from the toleration following the Civil Wars. They believed the Bible did
not sanction private property They attempted to set up communes at St. George’s Hill, Surrey, and
elsewhere, but a combination of government repression and local hostility broke the movement


Exclusion Crisis The crisis over the succession that occurred in 1678-1681 over whether James, Duke of
York, a Catholic should be allowed to succeed his brother Charles II

Jacobites supporters of the exiled King James II and his son, the tititlar James II, Jacobite rebellions in
1714 and 1745 failed to restore the Catholic Stuarts.

Levellers Radical members of the Army from 1647 who followed the ideas of John LIlburne demanding
universal manhood suffrage, law reform, and the “soverignity of the people”


Mechanical Philosophy Side by side with the rise in interest of a science Biblical prophecy was a rise in
the study of the magical wisdom of the ancients or hermeticism. chemisiry, chemical medicine,
astrology, and heliocentric astronomy. This all contributed to a radical outlook. And,out of this
developed beliefs that new methods of controlling the world of nature and of man.”Stable laws of nature
went with a stable society. Now that God was located within every human heart, it was inconvenient to
have him intervening in the day-to-day running of the Universe.”
Francis Bacon, 1561 -1621 who became the influencial Lord Chancellor of England had been inspired by
a lot of this.


Puritans Protestants who sought the continued reform of the Church of England after its establishment
in 1559-1563. Puritans tended to be Calvinists, favoring plain church ritual consistent with scriptural
injunction. Many, though not all, favored a Presbyterian form of church government. Following the Civil
War, they were driven out of England by the Clandon Code, and thus, are properly known after the
Restoration as Dissenters.

Quakers Religious group of Christian believing in Our Father in Heaven, His Son Jesus Christ , and their
combined Holy Spirit manifesting Itself in each of us, and also manifesting Itself as an invisible
fellowship of like-minded believers in Christ and believers in the power of His Holy Spirit indwelling us to
help and heal us. They emerged out of the toleration following the Civil Wars and led by George Fox.
They believed, (and still believe) that each human being possessed God’s inner light in equal measure,
regardless of gender or social rank. They relied on dreams and visions for insight. Often they defined
themselves by what they did not believe. For instance, they did not deny the existence of God or a
historical Christ, of heaven or hell. All of this liberally oriented theology often inclined them and “quake”
with their inner light at services. They were harshly often disliked by some members of the populace
who resented Army rule, and suppressed at the Restoration, but not by Oliver Cromwell..
The spread of Quakersim witnessed to the defeat of the political Levelliers and the continued existence
of radical ideas.


Ranters . Ranters were genuine heretics who often denied not only the authority of churchs but often
also of scriptures and believed in pantheism rejecting a belief in a personal God.. Thomas Hubbard, one
Ranter, said “God was in all things; whatever sins he did commit, God was the author of them all, and
acted them in him. He would sell all religions for a jug of beer.’


Tories English political party which arose in response to the Exclusion crisis oi the 1680s. They began
as defending the hereditary succession of James , Duke of York. They favored the rights of the Church
of England, the interests of landowners and the monarch. During the 1690s they became associated
with Jacobitism and lost power, the Tories became more a country party. Their name derives from a
term for Catholic Irish brigades.

Whigs English political party that arose in response to the Exclusion Crisis of the 1680s. The Whigs
began as a country party demanding the exclusion of the Catholic James, Duke of York, from the
throne, emphasizing the rights of Parliament and Dissenters; and championing a Protestant (pro-Diutch)
foreign policy. In the 1690s they became less radical.



CHRONOLOGICAL INFORMATION ON MPORTANT DATES IN ENGLISH EXPLORATION AND RELIGIOUS
HISTORY ALONG WITH SOME DATES CONNECTED TO FRENCH, SPANISH EXPLORERS AND
SETTLEMENTS IN THE US

Some of it taken from A History of Explorations and Settlements in the Southern US
1680-1804 by Dr. Andrew W. Harrell Harrel Publishing and YHWH School of Christianity 2019

and other parts of it taken from
A History of England from the Tudors to the Stuarts, Great Courses by Professor Robert Buchotz, 2003

The History of Christianity in the Reformation Era, Parts I,II,III, by Professor Brad S. Gregory, The Great
Courses 2001


Rulers are listed in bold before the events that take place during their reigns. Events taking place in the
same year are listed on separate lines unless they are related in some way. The outcomes of wars and
battles are indicated as wins (W) or losses (L) from the
Under Ruling House: Tudors

1588.................................................
Scottish Rebellion.
Establishment of the Church of England:
Act of Supremacy in which Henry VII declared himself an absolute monarch;
Act of Uniformity (1559) According to the act of Uniformity in England established by Parliament all
persons had to go to church at least once a week or be fined about 10 pounds in current money;
Treason Act in which the act of treason was codified and defined more precisely for the first time;
The Act distinguished two varieties of treason: high treason and petty treason (or petit treason), the
first being disloyalty to the Sovereign, and the second being disloyalty to a subject. The practical
distinction was the consequence of being convicted: for a high treason, the penalty was death by
hanging, drawing and quartering (for a man) or drawing and burning (for a woman), and the traitor's
property would escheat to the Crown; in the case of a petty treason the penalty was drawing and
hanging without quartering, or burning without drawing; and property escheated only to the traitor's
immediate lord.
A person was guilty of high treason under the Act if they, among other things,
"compassed or imagined" (i.e. planned; the original Norman French was "fait compasser ou ymaginer")
the death of the King, his wife or his eldest son and heir levied war against the King in his Realm;
adhered to the King's enemies in his Realm, giving them aid and comfort in his Realm or elsewhere
This act is still in force today, and basically it says that if you do anything the King or Queen legaglly has
a right to do, that you don’t you can be convicted of it by the King. Queen Elizabeth was to use it
decades later to execute Protestants who didn’t recognize her as the legal head of Christ’s Church in
England.

;


Thirty-Nine Articles or basic summary of beliefs of the Church of England(1563).

1569 Northern Revolt of the Earls, an unsuccessful attempt to depose Queen Elizabeth I.

1570 Episcopal controversy an Anglican, Catholic, Puritan split that eventually led to civil war as the
result of King Henry’s changes.

1571 Ridolfi Plot. To assassinate Queen Elizabeth I

1575 -1611 William Byrd an English Renaissance composer of various types of secular and sacred songs
became very popular with his works.


1577-1580 Drake circumnavigates the globe.
1581 Act against Recusancy, defined at the state of those who refused to attend Church services
(expanded 1585).
1583 Elizabeth sends troops to the Netherlands.
1587 Execution of Mary, Queen of Scots
1588 Defeat of the. Spanish Armada (W).

1589................................................. Elizabeth sends troops to France.
Henry III is assassinated in France, leaving Henry Navarre as heir to the throne
He converts to Catholicism and ascends the throne as Henry IV.
1598 The Edict of Nantes concludes the French Wars of Religion and establishes restricted toleration
of the Huguenots in France. Terrible harvest in England.
1613....................................... Some of Shakespeare’s major plays. , 1596.......................................
Spenser’s Faerie Queen. 1594–1603....................................... O’Neill Rebellion in Ireland..
1600................................................. East India Company founded. 1601.......
1601................................................. Essex Rebellion.



1600 – 1610
Ruling House of Stuarts starts
1603–1625....................................... James I . 1604................................................. Treaty of London.
1605................................................. Gunpowder plot. 1606................................................. Bacon’s
Advancement of Learning. 1607................................................. Virginia founded
1608 …………………………………. To counter aggressive Catholicism in the Holy Roman Empire, Frederick IV
of the Palantate forms a Protestant Union In response to it a Catholic League takes shape under the
leadership of Maximilian of Bavaria.
1611................................................. King James Bible.
1614–1628....................................... Ascendancy of Buckingham.
1618 Defenestration of Prague initiates the Thirty Years War
1622–1623....................................... Bad harvests in England.
1624–1630....................................... War of England with Spain .
1625–1649....................................... Charles I
1627–1629....................................... War with France (L). 1628................................................. Petition of
Right which was a parliamentary statue guaranteeing that no subject could be forced to pay a tax not
voted by Parliament, imprisoned without charge, have soldiers billeted in his house, or be subject to
martial law. Charles I agreed to it in order to assure five new taxes.
1628................................................. Assassination of Buckingham.
1629–1641....................................... Personal rule in England
1631 Protestant forces win a major victory under Gustav Adolphus at the
Battle of Breitenfield
1632 Gustav Adolphus dies
1633................................................. Laud appointed Archbishop of Canterbury
1635 The Peace of Prague concludes the Swedish part of the Thirty Years War
.1636................................................. King wins ship money case.
1638–1640.......................................Bishops’ Wars : Battle of Newburn
Treaty of Ripon (1640).
1640................................................. Short Parliament. Is held
1640–1653....................................... Long Parliament:

1642 First civil war between between royalists and parliamentarians in England
.........................................................
Triennial Act; condemnation of personal rule, etc.; impeachment of Strafford (1641).
1641................................................. Irish Rebellion.
1642–1649.......................................English Civil Wars: Battle of Edgehill
(1642); Battle of Marston Moor
(1644); Battle of Naseby
(1645). 1647................................................. Putney debates, a series of discussions between members
of the new model army, a number of them being Levellers, about the makeup of a new constitution for
Britian.
1648–1649....................................... Bad harvests in England.
1648 Peace of Westphalia ends the Thirty Years War
1649.................................................Charles I beheaded; monarchy and House of Lords abolished.

Interregnum Timeline (1649–1660)
1649–1653....................................... Commonwealth
1649................................................. Massacre at Drogheda. 1650................................................. Battle
of Dunbar 1651................................................. Battle of Worcester .
1651, 1660, 1663............................. Navigation Acts. 1651................................................. Hobbes’s
Leviathan. 1652–1654....................................... First Anglo-Dutch War.
Oliver Cromwell establishes a tolerant and inclusive state church 1653.................................................
Barebones Parliament. 1653–1658....................................... Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector 1653............
1655................................................. Capture of Jamaica. 1658–1659....................................... Richard
Cromwell, Lord Protector
1659–1660....................................... Monck’s March on London.
1660 English monarchy and Church of England are restored to their pre-revolutionary forms.


1650 The Island of Barbados in the Caribbean has at this time the largest population of any colony
controlled by the British .



1654 "Lord Protector of England, Oliver Cromwell, establishes a tolerant and inclusive state Church" .

1655 Oliver Cromwell enlarges the British settlement of the Caribbean Island of Jamaica. The Christian
Indian population in North Florida is estimated at 26,000 They are mostly Timucuans. This original
family of Florida Indians were visited by Ponce de Leon when he landed there and by the French
Huguenot Le Moyne and possibly by DeSoto when he traveled through the area. These settlements
were later mostly destroyed by the English in Carolina with their allies the Creeks, Catawba, and Yucha
Hundreds were killed and possibly thousands carried off into slavery while the remnant took refuge
under the walls of St. Augustine or were shipped to Cuba by the Spanish.

1660–1685....................................... Charles II 1660................................................. Convention
Parliament; Stuarts restored. 1660–1669....................................... Samuel Pepys perhaps the diarest of
modern times keeps his Diary about his own weakenesses and events in his daily life in Britian
1661–1678....................................... Cavalier Parliament. 1661.................................................
Corporation Act, a parliamentary statute that gave the King the power to revoke city chartersand
change the composition of any coroporation.
1662 ……………………………Quaker Act published by the English parliament prescribing the forms of public
prayers required as in the Church of England’s doctrines and book of common prayer
1660 Royal society founded in London
1662.................................................Quaker Act; Act of Uniformity; Licensing Act.
1664.................................................Conventicle Act forbids religious assemblies of more than five
people other than immediate family
1665................................................. Second Anglo-Dutch war, plague in London
1666.................................................Fire of London
1667................................................. Milton’s Paradise lost published
1670................................................Treaty of Dover. 1672.................................................Declaration of
Indulgence; Stop of
the Exchequer.
1672–1674....................................... Third Anglo-Dutch War (L).
1673................................................. Test Act, legislation passed by the Cavalier Parliament in response
to the Declaration of Indulgence requiring all civil officeholders and members of either house of
Parliament to take communion in the Church of England, to take oaths of supremacy and allegiance, and
to repudiate transubstantiation annually. These requirements “flushed out” many Catholics in
government but were less effective against Dissenters because of the practice of occasional conformity
of the Dissenters. Tories secured a statute in 1711 against this, only to see it repealed in 1719
1673–1678....................................... Danby’s, statesman and general minister of Charles II ascendancy.
1678................................................. Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress.
1678–1694....................................... Henry Purcell’s an English composer writes his major works.
1678–1682.......................................Popish plot and Exclusion Crisis; Exclusion Parliaments; rise of Whig
and Tory parties.
1681–1685....................................... Tory revenge; remodeling of corporations.
1683................................................. Rye House plot an alleged conspiracy by Whigs against Charles II.
1685 Louis XIV revokes The Edict of Nantes, ending toleration for Huguenots in France.

..


Timeline in England
1685–1688....................................... James II
1685................................................. Monmouth’s Rebellion; bloody seizures. 1686–
1688....................................... Purge of Commissions of Peace, etc. 1687.................................................
Newton’s Principia Mathematica. 1687................................................. Declaration of Indulgence. Royal
proclamation suspending the laws against Catholics (recusants and Dissenters. Generally not supported
by Dissenters because of their hostility to Catholics and fiercely opposed by the Anglican majority
1688.................................................Birth of Prince of Wales; Glorious
Revolution.


1689–1702

William III and Mary II (Mary dies in 1694)

1689................................................. Toleration Act an act of Parliament granting freedom of worship to
nonconformists
1689–1697.......................................Nine Years War :
Battles of the Boyne , Beachy Head (1690); Battle of La Hogue(1692); Battle
of Namur
(1695). 1690................................................. Locke’s Treatises of Government and Essay Concerning
Human Understanding.
1694................................................. Bank of England founded. 1697.................................................
Treaty of Ryswick ending the nine years war, by which Louis XIV recognized William II as the rightful
King of England, Scotland and Ireland and gave back European territory taken wince 1678, and agreed
to work out a partition of the Spanish Empire after the death of Carlos II
1701................................................. Act of Settlement.
1702-1714 ....................................... Anne.


A Discussion about Andrew Ellicott’s method of prayer


Leaving aside the question of whether Andrew Ellicott as a human being is alive today indwelling us, we
can study the current and historical methods of Quaker prayer in order to understand better how he
might have done it. And, if we like Quakers, believe in the Eternal blessed nature of our souls we can
also using the Old Testament Name of God YHWH, sanctifying it first in our souls as Jesus Christ , who
Quaker’s believe in as a great teacher and redeemer, sanctifying it first at the top of our heads as a Holy
Spirit as instructed us to do in the Lord’s Prayer as bless his Eternal soul as it still is praying in us in
order to help it continue its prayers with us and God.


We are all sinners, but we are all sinners who already hold within us the keys to our own salvation. And,
this salvation consists in not thinking we alone are the only means to our own redemption and salvation
but it is part and parcel of a larger scheme of things that only God can fully understand for us, and
hence before we claim to teach it and use it to help others, we must more fully understand others better
in order to understand and help them and therefore help us better



After we have slowed our breathing down and relaxed by calming our bodies and easing our minds with
denials of negative thoughts and affirmative of positive thoughts, if we want to let God speak to us and
talk and pray with the Saints we need to let God and them be the one speaking to us and talking with us
in communion and prayer, not our humans selves.

Let the One Buddha who is God’s Son, Christ Jesus breathe in us, let Him or Her speak in us. Be still
and know that I AM God and these Saints speaking with us.


If we choose to pray with Saint Andrew, he can teach us how to start God’s righteous Truth going,
hopefully, with spiritual understanding,, in side of us. And, Saint James can teach us how to realize it
fully and faithfully.
.

So Starting the conversation, using both the Book of Genesis in the Bible, Socrates’, and also
Descartes’ ideas asa help as we experience together a wondelful eternal present moment in us both as
we read and study this book together right here, right now…

1) “I, YHWH, AM the Eternal God, and Underneath are the Everlasting Arms”, ,
2) “I, YHWH YHWH, know that I don’t know, therefore I AM and you are ”
3) “Be Still and know that I AM, YHWH YHWH, in you, and always will BE YHWH in you and you will
always be in I, and we will always be living together n each of US”.


If you have a problem addressing Jesus Christ as YHWH YHWH in prayer? He is a close friend of mine
and we have been praying daily with me addressing Him this way for about 50 years now and since He
is now practicing Judaism it is also works for us Christian Jews to call Him by this Name.. His name in
Greek English Jesus Christ,means the same as Yeshua, or God Saves, YHWH Saves in Hebrew. And, in
Christian Judaism the same Name means YHWH YHWH.

Then, we finish the prayer conversation by talking to Saint James by letting God’s wisdom help us judge
things correctly. He knows that he knows God and He will tell you “Be still and know that I AM God.”

For present day Quakers” Prayer is understood as simply a conversation or contact with God where we
open ourselves to the Divine Presence inside ourselves and others, independently of any worhsip
rituals.”

God can be worshiped in a group of friends, being “slient” together or individually wherever one is.
Prayer is a psychic experience, where during or after worship a Friend may ask the group to “hold
someone in the light by imagining them being held in God’s loving presence and offering prayers and
love for them” .

Quaker’s believed then and still do now in the omnipresent nature of God and Christ indwelling all of us
eternally and all of our experience of knowing about YHWH and Jesus Christ as it dwellls in us eternally.
They have a method of contemplative prayer called entering the silence which can be done
anywhere,you are, not necessarily when you are participating as part of an organized Church’s ritual.

The term entering the silence is used a lot by Quakers when talking about prayer. I believe just means a
withdrawal of senses., as the fourth step in an eight step process. This does not necessarily mean
verbal or mental silence, just the ceasing or stopping of our own verbal and mental thoughts in order to
let God’s verbal and mental thoughts enter us that we may benefit from them and convey them to
others. The first two steps in an eight step process of mental and verbally knowing God being ethical
conformance to God’s positive and negative ethical commandments to us as for us Christians Jews the
ethical laws stated in the Ten Commandments by Moses.

The third step is control of our breathing in the present moment, awareness of it flowing in our spactial
understaning into and out of our physical body, in terms of our temporal understanding as longer and
more deeply inside of this physical, then emotional, then mental , then spiritual realm for instance as
the Budhhists teach today in this present moment of our eternal soul’s lives. Progresively becoming
more aware of our own minds stopping and God’s mind entering us making our minds slower, more
calmer and our bodies more relaxed and at ease. Then experiencing Divine Peace of mind, joy, and
knowing that the present moment with all of our experience of it in the world around us is a wondelful
and joyful time for us. Joy to the World, the Lord is King, the Lord has come.
Amen



REFERENCES


Buchotz, Robert, A History of England from the Tudors to the Stuarts, Great Courses by , 2003

Gregory, Brad S., The History of Christianity in the Reformation Era, Parts I,II,III,, The Great Courses
2001

Hughes, Ann, The Causes of the English Civil War, St. Martin’s Press, 2nd Ed., 1998

Harrell, Andrew W., A History of Explorations and Settlements in the Southern US 1680-1804

Gaunt, Peter, The English Civil War

Hill, Christopher, “The World Turned Upside Down: Radical Ideas during the English Revolution.

Morrill, John, The Impact of the English Civil War